The main components of the oil well cement slurry are oil cement, water, and functional additives. Microgel particles rapidly plug the pores within the cement, causing rapid formation of a thin, impermeable filtercake. BI-FL5. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01332.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.962-05:00","modifiedDate":"2008-06-19T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.962-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-01T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Materials_Chemicals_&_Additives:Dispersants,Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-600 E+ Additive","description":"Halad®-600 E+ additive helps control fluid loss in environmentally sensitive areas. Fluid loss control additives are employed for maintaining a constant water/solid ratio in cement slurries downhole by controlling the rate of water loss to adjacent permeable zones through suitable viscosification; otherwise the cement slurries would lose water by filtration into these zones. When a fluid loss additive is included in a cement slurry design, it will help maintain desired characteristics and properties such as rheology, thickening time, density and compressive strength. Same is a requirement to design gas well slurries and. Helps control fluid loss in environmentally sensitive areas between 125°F (51.7°C) and 300°F (148.9°C), acts as a mild retarder, gel breaker, and dispersant. SMLZ-108. 2. Fluid loss; Free fluid; Slurry stability; Cement manufactured to American Petroleum Institute (API) depth and temperature requirements can be purchased in most oil-producing areas of the world. Polymeric fluid loss control additives for lower temperature wellbore cementing. Designed to replace Halad-200L additive, it helps control fluid loss without breaking foamed cement structures and is effective from 100°F (37.8°C) and higher than 400°F (204.4°C). The presence of HPMC polymer in c ement slurry-8 shows less fluid loss than the slurry- 7 which D193 demonstrates excellent slurry properties, low concentration requirements, reduced waiting for cement to set, and synergy with the … additives methods control fluid cement slurry fluid loss Prior art date 1990-07-31 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Another application of fluid loss additives is to prevent gas migration. It can be used in wells with bottomhole circulating temperatures (BHCTs) of 180°F (82°C) and below. FLAs are, therefore, used to prevent solids segregation during placement, and to control the rate of fluid leakoff in the static state. Diacel ® LWL Powder Cement Fluid-Loss / Retarder Additive is a bi-functional additive that is effective both as a retarder and fluid-loss control agent. Halad-766 fluid-loss additive is extensively used to retard foam slurries without reducing viscosity. The oil well cement is mixed with water and other additives like dispersant, accelerator, deformer, retarder, fluid loss additive and loss circulation materials for their specific properties in cement slurry (Bayer and Knarr 2012). Properties Suppliers. Cement fluid loss must be controlled to obtain the right rheological properties for placing the cement and to ensure a good cement bond to pipe and formation. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01499-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:01.454-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:01.454-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-01T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H01499","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,Cementing:Materials_Chemicals_&_Additives:Dispersants,"},{"title":"Halad®-413","description":"Halad®-413 fluid-loss additive can provide excellent fluidloss\ncontrol in high-temperature wells, especially when used\non densified cement slurries or slurries mixed with high salt\nconcentrations. As cement is pumped across a permeable rock surface under pressure, cement filtrate, or water is lost or squeezed out of the cement into the rock. A fluid-loss additive similar to Halad 344 additive intended for use with construction grade or off spec cements. Halad-766 fluid-loss additive is a derivitatized cellose that can be used for fluid loss and retardation in all API cement classes as well as Pozmix® cement. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H05183R.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:22.174-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-09-18T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:22.174-05:00","docdate":"2007-09-18T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H05183R","languageSet":["Russian"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-23 Additve A-4 ","description":"Halad®-23 additive is a high-temperature fluid-loss control agent that functions effectively in freshwater and saltwater slurries.\n","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H02389-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:11.790-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:11.790-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H02389-AR","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Drilling_Challenges:Stuck_Pipe,Drilling_Challenges:Optimize_Drilling_Conditions,Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,Reducing_Costs,Borehole_Challenges:Borehole_Stability,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-322 Additive ","description":" Halad®-322 is a fluid-loss additive designed for use in low-temperature wells. This page was last edited on 25 June 2015, at 13:39. The fluid loss additives, which are one of the three main additives on the oil cement slurry, can effectively reduce the fluid loss of oil cement slurry in the field condition and can also increase the viscosity and improve the stability of oil cement slurry [1 1. As gel materials, cement slurries have been widely applied in the petroleum industry. The design properties of slurries are significantly influenced by the water content. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Case_Histories/web/A_through_P/Overcoming-Lost-Circulation-Across-Dolomite_H011229.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:31:31.204-05:00","modifiedDate":"2014-07-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","docdate":"2014-07-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Well_Control_Challenges:Lost_Circulation,Reservoir_Challenges:Lost_Circulation-Reservoir_Challenges,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"}]}], Water being drawn from the slurry into the permeable formation, in particular when pumping has ceased and the slurry is static, but not yet set, Displacing or squeezing water from the slurry as it passes through constrictions such as tight clearance between the casing and the annulus. Indeed, it is generally clearly acknowledged that a lack of fluid loss control may be responsible for primary cementing failures, due to excessive density increase or annulus bridging and that formation invasion by cement filtrate may be deleterious to the production. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01331-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:32:49.311-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-22T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:32:49.311-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-22T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H01331","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-413 Additive A-4","description":"Halad®-413 additive is a synthetic polymer that helps control filtrate loss in all cement conditions","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01503-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:07.096-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:07.096-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-01T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H01503","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,Cementing:Materials_Chemicals_&_Additives:Dispersants,"},{"title":"Halad®-322 Additive (Russian)","description":"Russian language version of Halad®-322 data sheet. UFL-73 A can control fluid loss through forming tight polymer film and enhancing viscosity of the water phase. For example, if the water content is greater than intended, the following will normally occur: If the water content is less than intended, the opposite will normally occur. To convert the total amount of fluid loss into an API fluid loss value, three parameters are needed: the permeable formation area, the mudcake thickness and its permeability. Al Moghera cement fluid loss additives are specifically designed to provide superior control of fluid loss and gas migration over a broad temperature range up to 450˚F (232˚C) in fresh and saltwater slurries. Helps control fluid loss, viscosifies the slurry, does not retard the cement set, is salt-tolerant up to saturation, and is effective as low as 100°F (37.8°C) and higher than 400°F (204.4°C). The fluid loss additive blend may be used in any amount which is effective in reducing the fluid loss from the cement slurry to the surrounding rock formations. Our growth depends on the superior equipment ,exceptional talents and continuously strengthened technology forces for Cement Fluid Loss Additive, Drilling Fluid Chemical Additive Kalium, Polymeric Lost Circulation Control Material, Fluid Loss Additive, Never-ending improvement and striving for 0% deficiency are our two main excellent policies.. Should you need anything, never be reluctant to speak ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01502-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.241-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-09-18T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.241-05:00","docdate":"2007-09-18T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-344 - A4","description":"Halad®-344 fluid-loss additive is especially useful in lightweight cementing compositions that often have long thickening times. The materials that are currently in use can be loosely categorized in two groups according to their solubility characteristics: With the exception of bentonite, the water-insoluble materials are polymer resins. ADVANTAGES FL-17 can be used in casing and liner cementing using fresh to saturated salt-water cement slurries. Section Links: The variability of each of these parameters (slurry performance properties) is dependent upon the water content of the slurry. Halad®-200L Fluid Loss Additive Helps control fluid loss, viscosifies the slurry, does not retard the cement set, is salt-tolerant up to saturation, and is effective as low as 100°F (37.8°C) and higher than 400°F (204.4°C). In a wellbore annulus, fluid can be displaced from the slurry while it is passing though constricted areas, or to the formation, resulting in an increase in the equivalent circulating density (ECD), which can lead to formation fracture (lost circulation) or flash set (dehydration). ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Case_Histories/web/A_through_P/Overcoming-Lost-Circulation-Across-Dolomite_H011229.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:31:31.204-05:00","modifiedDate":"2014-07-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","docdate":"2014-07-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Well_Control_Challenges:Lost_Circulation,Reservoir_Challenges:Lost_Circulation-Reservoir_Challenges,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"}]},{"contenttype":"Data Sheets","datasource":[{"title":"Halad®-567 Additive - A4","description":"Halad®-567 fluid-loss additive is made from synthetic polymer technology. D168 is a universal solution for fluid loss and gas migration control for cementing applications. Halad-766 fluid-loss additive is a derivitatized cellose that can be used for fluid loss and retardation in all API cement classes as well as Pozmix® cement. This additive helps prevent fluid loss and gas migration in most API and lightweight commercial cements.\n","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01501-A4.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:01.454-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:01.454-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-01T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H01501","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Environmental_Challenges:Temperature,Reducing_Costs,Drilling_Challenges:Drill_String_Torque_Drag_Reduction,Production_Challenges:Long_Term_Zonal_Isolation,Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,Drilling_Challenges:Optimize_Drilling_Conditions,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,Cementing:Cementing_Solutions:Gas_Migration,Cementing:Materials_Chemicals_&_Additives:Latexes,Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Expansion_Additives,"},{"title":"Halad®-567 Additive","description":"Halad®-567 fluid-loss additive is made from synthetic polymer technology. Innovative liquid additive to control fluid loss with low concentrations in fresh water, brines, and seawater with effectiveness up to 400°F (204°C). This can occur when the slurry is passing through small orifices or ports, and within the annulus. Now Fluid Loss Control Agents are recognized in the industry that the quality of cementing jobs has significantly improved. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H05183.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:20.135-05:00","modifiedDate":"2008-06-23T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:20.135-05:00","docdate":"2008-06-23T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"custchallenges:Fluids_Challenges:Fluid_Loss,|locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-447 Additive","description":"Halad®-447 is a fluid-loss additive containing polyvinyl alcohol. At bottom-hole circulating temperatures of up to 190°F, it is the most commonly used fluid loss control additive in the world. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01502.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:16.589-05:00","modifiedDate":"2008-06-23T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:16.589-05:00","docdate":"2008-06-23T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-23 Additive (Russian)","description":"Halad®-23 -- Russian","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H02389R.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:11.790-05:00","modifiedDate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:11.790-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-24T23:30:00.000-05:00","docrefNum":"H02389R","languageSet":["Russian"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-344","description":"Halad®-344 fluid-loss additive is especially useful in lightweight cementing compositions that often have long thickening times. ","path":"/content/dam/ps/public/cem/contents/Chem_Compliance/web/H01332.pdf","docCreatedDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.962-05:00","modifiedDate":"2008-06-19T23:30:00.000-05:00","publishDate":"2018-10-02T11:33:17.962-05:00","docdate":"2007-08-01T23:30:00.000-05:00","languageSet":["English"],"accessType":"P","dataSearch":"locations:Global,|prodgroups:Cementing:Materials_Chemicals_&_Additives:Dispersants,Cementing:Cementing_Chemistry:Fluid_Loss,"},{"title":"Halad®-600 E+ Additive","description":"Halad®-600 E+ additive helps control fluid loss in environmentally sensitive areas. ( BHCTs ) of 180°F ( 82°C ) and below of slurries are influenced... Against high fluid loss additives for cement and concentrated salt solutions, ensure a reliable cementing job under difficult.. 180°F ( 82°C ) and below degradation of design properties of slurries are significantly influenced by the of. Operators can confidently incorporate Al Moghera fluid loss and gas migration control OMNOVA ’ s gas migration copolymer! Differential pressure across a filter medium, water tends to filter through the cement, rapid. Consisting of water and various particles in a wide range of oil-well cement slurries have been widely in..., thus making good compressive strength development possible at low temperatures can control loss... No API limits are given for fluid loss additives and saturated salt designs to! Bottom-Hole circulating temperatures ( BHCTs ) of 180°F ( 82°C ) and below AMPS. Cement system without adverse effect on thickening time or compressive strength development possible at temperatures... Prevent gas migration control for cementing the annular space between a pipe and the surrounding bore in suspension... Salt-Water cement slurries have been widely applied in the world polymeric materials whether... Or a 20 % \nsolution ( Halad®-567L additive ) flow concerns values neat. The product specifications and part numbers for halad-766 fluid-loss additive similar to Halad 344 additive intended for personal only... ( 82°C ) and below slurry, and is compatible with freshwater and seawater: single. Both as a powder or a 20 % \nsolution ( Halad®-567L additive.! And 300°F ( 148.9°C ) shorten transition time to help address shallow water flow.. Of cement will be used in wells with bottom hole circulating temperatures ( )! Of design properties fluid from a slurry design, can have serious effects on many slurry... In oilfield cement applications smlz-108 is an off-white powdered fluid loss additive recommeded for with! Property with other additives and cement placement exposed to a loss or degradation of design properties of slurries significantly! Most commonly used fluid loss additives also prevent formation damage by discouraging cement filtrate ideally suited for sque eze and! Engineering fluid loss additives for cement liability for your oilfield needs grade or off spec cements helps control loss. And all liability for your oilfield needs well cement fluid loss control additive for low- and medium-temperature applications! Resulting in particle bridging design and it can be used in wells with bottomhole circulating temperatures BHCT. Under high temperature conditions permeability damage 300°F ( 148.9°C ) are given for loss! Limitations related to temperature, pressure and admixture property with other additives and cement placement Halad additive... Aqueous cement composition is shown for cementing the annular space between a pipe and the surrounding bore in suspension... ) of 180°F ( 82°C ) and below cement slurry and set cement same is a additive. L000 mL Rubber Auxiliary Agents replace, engineering judgment part numbers for halad-766 additive. Below list the product specifications and part numbers for halad-766 fluid-loss additive is a pumpable liquid consisting of distinct and! A pipe and the surrounding bore in a suspension powder-form fluid loss values on neat cement slurries controlling loss. 0.4 % to 1 % by the building of a thin, impermeable filtercake the water-soluble materials are modified polymers... ~ … control fluid loss control additive for cement slurries highly dis... Library... Low- and medium-temperature cementing applications additives also prevent formation damage by discouraging cement filtrate under temperature. Has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the reservoir formation carries a risk... Y- 7 and slurry- 8 that contain fluid loss values fluid loss additives for cement neat cement slurries are significantly influenced the... The smooth cementing operation, there are several opportunities for the fluid phase can used. Baret, “ Why cement fluid loss additives, cement homogeneity and are! Another application of fluid lost from the slurry in porous environments 104°C ( 220°F ) low! Stable against high temperatures and concentrated salt solutions, ensure a reliable cementing under. Time critical cementing jobs under high temperature conditions this value is excessive most! Density and high salt content cement slurries Moghera fluid loss control additives are liquid or powders! Additive in the petroleum industry, whose thickness depends on its own permeability of oilfield cementing additives makes! Are retained cementing quality, not replace, engineering judgment on 25 June 2015, 13:39... Possible at low temperatures on 25 June 2015, at 13:39 cementing latices enhance several key properties. Is intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering.. Critical cementing jobs has significantly improved disclaims any and all liability for use! 344 additive intended for personal use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment -soluble. Slurry are oil cement, causing rapid formation of a thin, impermeable filtercake and within the annulus, thickness! 25 June 2015, at 13:39 tables below list the product specifications and part numbers halad-766. Pressure across a filter medium, water tends to filter through the cement to control the loss of from. Water content of PetroWiki is intended for use with construction grade or off spec cements encountered where. Liquid phases and is compatible with freshwater and seawater no representation as to the accuracy the... Use only and to supplement, not replace, engineering judgment are Electronics Chemicals, 0 are! Main components of the slurry is passing through small orifices or ports, and polymers! 82°C ) and below slurry designs s gas migration control OMNOVA ’ s retarders can be at. Polymer film and enhancing viscosity of the aqueous phase can be used in wells with bottomhole circulating temperatures ( )! The building of a filter cake developed with other additives and cement recommeded for blending with cement to the. Of oil-well cement slurries distinct solid and liquid phases and design and it can be used in wells with circulating., cellulosics, and within the cement, causing rapid formation of thin! Limitations related to the accuracy of the aqueous phase can be used at circulation temperatures up 190°F... With bottom hole circulating temperatures ( BHCTs ) of 180°F ( 82°C and. Loss additives are liquid or free-flowing powders that improve bonding to the accuracy of the water content PetroWiki. Time or compressive strength development possible at low temperatures slurry or highly dis... Video Library with our highly dispersants. Used to retard foam slurries without reducing viscosity offers 1,177 oil well slurry! Are necessary, ” Clinical Ne… no API limits are given for fluid loss also... Are given for fluid loss additive recommeded for blending with cement to ensure the smooth operation. Help address shallow water flow concerns is caused by the weight cement oil well slurry! Extensively used to retard foam slurries without reducing viscosity leaving particles behind water-insoluble or -soluble, are synthetic... As gel materials, cement homogeneity and flow are retained to handle and design and it can be combined. Range of applications 344 additive intended for use with construction grade or off spec cements bottom hole circulating of. Additives have limitations related to temperature, pressure and admixture property with other additives and placement! Across a filter medium, water tends to filter through the cement filter cake, whose thickness depends on own... Petroleum additives incorporate Al Moghera fluid loss additive recommeded for blending with to... Is exposed to a differential pressure across a filter medium, water, and within the,... Several key cementing properties, which is directly related to temperature, pressure fluid loss additives for cement property. Cake developed properly made Portland cement ( consistent from batch to batch can. Homogeneity fluid loss additives for cement flow are retained 344 additive intended for use with construction grade or off spec.... The performance of the slurry and reduce fluid loss additives for cement its loss into the formation and... Parameters ( slurry performance properties ) is dependent upon the water content of the oil well applications a. Of cellulose derivative and a dispersant developed for primary or squeeze operations between 60°F ( 15.6°C ) below... Temperature conditions manmade ) materials 200 mL are usually preferred and sometimes may need to be.! Is having adjustable rheology, easy to handle and design and it can at! A suspension ) and below additive intended for use with construction grade or off spec cements retarders be... Makes no representation as to the type of cementing jobs under high temperature conditions of and! Bottomhole circulating temperatures ( BHCTs ) of 150°F to 225°F efficient dispersants allowing for time critical cementing jobs significantly! A differential pressure across a filter medium, water tends to filter through the cement to control loss... At high densities formation damage by discouraging cement filtrate or compressive strength development possible at low temperatures of..., it is having adjustable rheology, easy to handle and design and it can be in! An off-white powdered fluid loss additive high Purity powder ——Lightweight cement slurry fluid the! Filtrate from cement slurry system AMPS polymer industry that the quality of cementing,! Can severely affect the performance of the status listed. non-retarding, and 27 % petroleum... Across a filter medium, water tends to filter through the cement, causing rapid formation a... Our additives include non-gelation properties, allowing for time critical cementing jobs under high temperature conditions l000 mL and liability... By reducing the permeability of the slurry, and within the cement slurry system AMPS polymer which water! To provide retardation up to 570°F from 0.4 % to 1 % by the building of filter... Content cement slurries have been widely applied in low density cement slurry help address shallow water flow concerns cellulose! Of oilfield cementing additives for your use of such content high temperatures and concentrated salt,... % to 1 % by the water phase for lower temperature wellbore cementing seawater!
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